VALS SURVEY Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

VALS SURVEY - Essay Example In the wake of distinguishing the trend-setters and experiencers as the VALS for this specific item, an appropriate choice ought to be made on precisely how to speak to them (Christensen, 2011). To start with, to engage the trend-setters, I might want to suggest that the advertiser ought to guarantee that the product is made to be imaginative and appealing. As self-realized customers, the encounters must be tricked to buy the iPad on the off chance that they are persuaded that it is fine and claim to their eyes. This is the main path through which they can see it as an item worth spending their cash on (Kerin, 2012). Then again, to speak to the experiencers, the advertiser ought to guarantee that the iPad is made to speak to an inventive, elegant and novel item that delineates a self-articulation thought. On the off chance that it has such highlights, these shoppers will think about it as the favored ware to buy (Kotler and Keller, 2009). Experiencers are youthful shoppers who intensely spend on in vogue items like iPad that suit their unquenchable preferences for

Integrating Social Responsibility In Higher Education Management Essay

Incorporating Social Responsibility In Higher Education Management Essay The impression of Corporate Social Responsibility is commonly comprehended to imply that enterprises have a level of responsibility not just for the monetary results of their exercises, yet additionally for the social and green implication. This is once in a while alluded to as a triple primary concern approach that considers the monetary, social and natural parts of corporate action. an assortment of terms are utilized to depict CSR proposition, including Corporate Responsibility, Corporate Accountability, Corporate Citizenship and Sustainability. The suggestion and estimation of CSR may vary in different statuses, contingent upon neighborhood factors including society, natural conditions, and the lawful structure. Issues like Education, The Environment, Hunger and Equal Opportunity were once thought of as social issues to be tended to totally by government. Today, open and private associations team up; amalgamation assets, aptitudes, energies and connections to illuminate what we currently comprehend are monetary issues. In any case, each enterprise can't take on each social issue. Todays best partnerships must settle on key decisions in their way to deal with Corporate Citizenship. Not just expense viably fruitful, they are profoundly involved in their networks. These organizations get impediments and abilities, and utilize this information to make a purposeful social plan that has positive impact in what they do each day. This is the new model for corporate citizenship. A business system making upper hand, deciding norms and directing representatives by they way we deal with consistently, in networks the world over Writing survey The point of the accompanying writing survey is to recognize the most significant and proficiently significant scholastic and pragmatic works all through the previous decade just as the present practices upon the idea of Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) in advanced education. As indicated by (Valentine and Fleischman 2008) CSR is characterized as the financial, lawful, moral, and optional hopes that society has of associations at a given point in time. This definition depends on Carroll㠢â‚ ¬Ã¥ ¸s study (1979) where he characterized three parts of social duty and widened the extent of its comprehension (Maignan 2001, Popa 2010). Carroll recommended that organizations need to satisfy monetary, legitimate and moral so as to deliver its whole commitments to society. Financial duties assign the commitments for organizations to be gainful and beneficial (Maignan 2001). Lawful obligations allude to the system of lawful necessities which organizations need to meet while rehearsing financial obligations (Carroll 1979). Moral duties are the characterized fitting practices by set up standards that organizations ought to follow. As indicated by (Filho et al. 2010) Corporate social duty (CSR) is characterized through the moral relationship and straightforwardness of the organization with every one of its partners that has a relationship just as with the foundation of corporate objectives that are perfect with the supportable improvement of society, protecting ecological and social assets for people in the future, regarding decent variety and advancing the decrease of social issues (Filho et al. 2010). While CSR calls attention to a route for organizations to add to the prosperity of the general public, it likewise offers the chance to make a genuine upper hand and positive notoriety for the business world (Smith 2007, Porter and Kramer 2006). Under the new conditions, for example, the opposition in advanced education industry, numerous advanced education establishments are adjusting a more professional methodology so as to contend and make due in the changing essence of the business (Weymans 2010, Gumport 2000, Goia and Thomas 1996). Furthermore, during the adjustment of this systematic methodology, a few organizations are finding the significance of corporate picture, corporate personality, corporate notoriety and primarily CSR as a notoriety and a bit of leeway building technique (Atakan and Eker 2007, Stensaker 2007, Porter and Kramer 2006, Melewar and Akel 2005). Despite the fact that issues of CSR have consistently been a piece of the instructive crucial advanced education establishments, through executing CSR methodologies, advanced education foundations are currently utilizing this methodology as a piece of their serious procedure. Subsequently, by growing such techniques advanced education establishments are likew ise finding the chance to move the concentration past the homeroom into their own institutional activities. 2.1 Higher training and CSR One of the most critical markers of social advancement is training, which likewise plays a definitive job for a general public to accomplish self㠢â‚ ¬Ã¢ sustainable and equivalent turn of events. With an expanding worldwide acknowledgment of how business network can add to social destinations, instruction merits a more elevated level of corporate association than the norm. Advanced education organizations are regularly viewed to play a position of authority inside societies.  Students hope to learn by models, regardless of whether through cutting edge look into or by broadening the limits of equity on a worldwide scale.â â Presently business organizations are stressing a great deal on CSR and they are finding various ways for the usage of CSR. Advanced education foundations can decide to be adherents, or they can snatch the chance to be pioneer and embrace CSR a fundamental part of their serious advantage.  A ongoing scholarly article on CSR proposes that advanced education establishments can lead in the acts of CSR two different ways, first, advanced education organizations ought to advance a genuine culture of CSR all through their organizations.  Second, advanced education organizations ought to create social promoting activities so as to more readily impart and communicate with stakeholders.â Advanced education establishments have a chance to lead in a territory that most organizations have perceived as important. Higher instruction foundations can and should expand on a convention of the previous many years of endeavoring to participate in positive social activities. 2.2 CSR and the Stake Holders The partners of an advanced education incorporate present understudies, personnel and the board. During the 1980s, understudy fight frequently centered around how advanced education establishments were dealing with their enormous endowments. Students needed to have an effect; advanced education organizations were pondering how to react. In todays time, understudies despite everything care about how advanced education establishments are practicing their own CSR, from environmental change and reusing to having any kind of effect concerning worldwide disparities in the world.â Advanced education establishments can meet the desires for partners by receiving an effectively thought out CSR methodology in a similar way as different associations. Advanced education organizations should anticipate snatch the open door about the worry of partners (understudy present and potential, personnel and the executives). Higher instructions organizations have understood that to increase a serious edge in the market they need to fulfill the worries of their partners. Consequently executing CSR procedures in an advanced education establishment ought to be considered so as to get a genuine upper hand and a positive notoriety. In addition rehearsing what is instructed and in this way producing a genuine case of the scholarly information can make a special recommendation for any advanced education organization The legislature of Pakistan should be centered around instructive and other part and ought to be socially capable and business agreeable. Presently some instructive establishment is attempting to joined CSR into the business degrees program and courses, particularly at driving business organizations, for example, LUMS or IBA. 2.3 CSR Practices in Pakistan In Pakistan there is a lot of social weights that power organizations and different foundations to act in a significantly more conservative and cost driven way, along these lines bringing about an under 50 percent consistence rate with essential CSR standards and goals But In instructive area there is less mindfulness on CSR significance. Presently a few establishments are investing their amounts of energy to execute the idea of CSR later on business pioneers. The Multi-National Companies is assuming a crucial job for making business understudy mindful about what is CSR for this reason various courses and workshop is directed for the understudy on the significance of CSR and its technique practice and usage and making open doors for the understudies, potential boss/representative to gain from their accepted procedures. A few organizations like Unilever, P G, Gillette, Siemens is playing out their activity well to mindful the future business pioneers Of Pakistan. 2.4 Karachi School for Business and Leadership KSBL Is likewise dedicated to advance the guiding principle of honesty and enterprising soul inside our understudies. So we will offer a main edge MBA programs, with an attention on moral administration and corporate social duty, to the numerous capable people in the nation just as from abroad. 2.5 Bahria University A Leadership Development Center is practical at both the Islamabad and Karachi Campuses of the Bahria University. It is worked so as to fathom the issues and difficulties that are looked by understudies on the planet and to become fruitful pioneers and can take higher duties. To encourage understudy exercises, Bahria University has set up a Student Resource Center that causes understudies to build up their authority, correspondence, the executives and social aptitudes. Bahria University has faith in creating every single rounder understudy containing different abilities with themselves and along these lines it has given a stage to development in that unique circumstance. 3. Procedure The examination investigate strategy will be the essential research plan. Both the subjective

SWOT Analysis Of The Asda Store Commerce Essay

SWOT Analysis Of The Asda Store Commerce Essay The point of a SWOT investigation is to recognize the degree to which the present procedure of an organization and its particular qualities and shortcomings are applicable to, and prepared to do, managing the progressions occurring in the business condition. It can likewise be utilized to survey whether there are chances to abuse further the one of a kind assets of the association. It ought to likewise be recollected a SWOT is just a preview of a particular point in time. Given the dynamic idea of the cutting edge business world, associations need to persistently screen their vital situation to guarantee that their drawn out techniques and operational strategies stay applicable to the necessities of the market. ASDA Internal Strengths Budgetary Resources and Economies of Scale ASDA was established in 1965 by a gathering of ranchers from Yorkshire. Since that time the organization has experienced numerous changes. In the mid 1990s the organization was in money related trouble however was safeguarded by the administration of Archie Norman. Starting here onwards the organization thrived and was in the end purchased by the US mammoth Wal-Mart in 1999. Wal-Mart is on the biggest organizations on the planet with tremendous deals income ($316 billion). This furnishes ASDA with two inner qualities: Money related Resources Should ASDA wish to grow more stores or expand into another scope of items and administrations, Wal-Mart could give the essential monetary assets to subsidize these new turns of events. This implies ASDA would not need to depend upon outside suppliers (for example banks and so forth) to give the fundamental assets to business development. Economies of Scale Being ready to charge lower costs on a predictable premise, is a key factor regarding making sure about a generous portion of any market. Give the enormous buying power Wal-Mart has, it is obviously put to arrange significant limits on an extremely wide scope of items and administrations. ASDA can exploit these limits. Expansion The net revenues on food things will in general be moderately low (for example 10 to 20%) when contrasted and different products and ventures. Asda, alongside its three principle rivals (for example Tesco, Sainsburys and Morrisons) have differentiated into different items and administrations so as to support their benefit. ASDA is additionally engaged with budgetary administrations, apparel and property improvement. Attire has end up being its best component of its expansion approach. ASDA has its own scope of dress known as George. This is advertised as quality design garments at reasonable costs. It is assessed that George is the fourth biggest retailer of attire in the UK, after Marks and Spencers, the Arcadia Group and Next. Enhancement into different items, administrations and markets gives an inside quality since it shields ASDAs benefit base from extremely serious weights in the basic food item retailing market. Worker Satisfaction/Environmental Issues Both of these things are inside qualities for ASDA. In 2001, 2002 and 2003, the organization was casted a ballot a main 10 UK manager by the Sunday Times Top 100 Employers Survey. The organization perceives the effect it has on neighborhood and worldwide economies. ASDAs long haul point is to source 100% sustainable power source. It is focused on diminishing fuel emanations by 80,000 tons by 2007. It has just arrived at half of this objective. It is changing over its whole armada of trucks with the goal that they run on bio diesel. ASDA Internal Weaknesses Being Part of Wal-Mart Being a piece of the Wal-Mart bunch is twofold edged. As delineated before. ASDA is given interior qualities by being a Wal-Mart organization. Be that as it may, in the United States, Wal-Mart has been in receipt of significant analysis from an assortment of persuasive sources over various issues. These will be talked about in full under outer dangers. Any type of analysis produces negative press and TV reports at last this flood of disappointment could spread to the UK. This would think about gravely ASDA. As Wal-Mart is the parent organization it can at last abrogate any choices made by the ASDA governing body. In this manner Wal-Mart could constrain ASDA to present new working practices dependent on its American tasks. These working practices could be thoroughly strange to a UK workforce and conceivably demonstrate hard to execute. Worker Dissatisfaction In 2006 the organization was seen as in break of the UK business law as to worker's guilds and was discover  £850,000. Additionally in a difficult situation when some Asian representatives working in their conveyance habitats were approached to create their international IDs so as to demonstrate that they were qualified for work in the UK. This activity prompted claims that ASDA was acting in a supremacist way. In 2005, it was uncovered that in a review, did by the organization that lone 1 out of 4 of its staff shopped coming up. ASDA External Opportunities Outside circumstances would be distinguished by finishing a PEST investigation of the companys outer condition. Social variables offer ASDA an assortment of chances to develop the scope of items and administrations they right now give. Life Trends/Demographics In spite of variances in market and exchange cycles in the course of the most recent 30 years, the normal discretionary cashflow per head of populace in the UK has risen consistently during this period. Also customers have gotten considerably more modern and requesting. They hope to purchase top quality items at reasonable costs. Obviously ASDA has figured out how to fulfill the desires for its clients with its George scope of apparel. Given that ASDA as of now holds 17% of the basic food item retail showcase, being second just to Tesco; it has built up an extremely solid nearness and brand mindfulness inside the psyches of its clients. It is all around put to exploit changes in way of life patterns and socioeconomics, regarding its capacity to grow new items and administrations to meet the rising desires and needs of its clients. Shopper Attitudes and Opinions/Consumer Buying Patterns/Advertising and Publicity/Brand, Company, Technology, Image These territories are firmly identified with life patterns and socioeconomics. As expendable salaries increment, ASDA need to impact buyer mentalities and sentiments, and purchasing behaviors, by strengthening its image picture and client faithfulness, through powerful publicizing and advancement. A key part of having an enormous client base is to empower strategically pitching. In this manner the companys generally speaking number of clients may continue as before yet after some time the deals and gainfulness per head will increment. This will be accomplished as ASDA grows the intrigue of its items and administrations to all portions of its client base. ASDAs External Threats The Anti-Wal-Mart Lobby There is across the board protection from the further improvement of new Wal-Mart stores. Why? It is contended that the organization undermines neighborhood retailers by having products made in creating nations (for example China and Bangladesh) in sweatshop conditions and afterward selling them at costs, nobody else in the neighborhood rival. At last the littler stores are constrained bankrupt and Wal-Mart increases a restraining infrastructure inside that region. Wal-Mart additionally runs hostile to association battles. Since taking ASDA over in 1999, Wal-Mart has to a great extent left the UK supervisory crew to continue ahead with the running of the organization. Be that as it may, on the off chance that it endeavored to utilize a portion of its increasingly forceful approaches in the UK at that point, as prove by the American experience, this would bring about a lot of harm to ASDA as far as lost clients and poor exposure. Office of Fair Trading Investigation In 2000 an examination concerning the mastery of the basic food item retail showcase by the four major organizations was turned out. From that point forward, every one of the four organizations have received forceful development strategies. They presently control 74% of the market. This time there is a groundswell which recommends stores won't get away from guideline. Intense controls on their capacity to grow, or even standards driving them to auction stores where they rule, could be presented. Partner Mapping So as to decide how ASDA should push ahead in regard of the discoveries from the SWOT examination, it is important to develop a partner mapping. This is vital with the goal for ASDA to comprehend the help and restriction it will create for an arranged change. Resistance Backing Dynamic Opponents Inactive Opponents Fence Sitters Inactive Supporters Dynamic Supporters High Office of Fair Trading ASDA Shareholders Partner Power Medium Hostile to- Wal-Mart campaigners in the USA Different groupings restricted to new retail improvements for example neighborhood networks, nearby specialists ASDA clients Food makers Low Relationship of Convenience Stores Other basic food item retail clients Partner Power Partners all have power, regardless of whether it is the proper force put resources into a position or authority put resources into a social intensity of having the option to convince others to help or restrict the change. Those with the higher force will be ASDAs most valuable supporters or most risky adversaries therefore power examination will help ASDA to organize its attention on its partners. The Office of Fair Trading (OFT) is a fence-sitter as it must stay unbiased. The Association of Convenience Stores is a functioning rival. This is on the grounds that its individuals are antagonistically influenced when ASDA opens up another store. The Association has low force since its individuals can't contend with the enormous four retailers in the commercial center. Notwithstanding, by building a union, it is workable for a rival to move upwards and into the powerful box. This is on the grounds that the Association has mentioned to the Office of Fair Trading that an examination should occur. How Active Opponents With Low Power Can Increase Their Power Status The counter Wal-Mart campaigners in the USA are recorded in light of the fact that there is nothing to stop the counter ASDA adversaries from shaping a union with them. Producing partnerships between rivals assists with making them

The Independent Indian Woman Painted by R. K. Narayan - Literature Essay Samples

Narayan has covered a whole range of human ages from boyhood to the old age. He has presented a whole variety of characters, viewing the landscapes of human existence from a rich assortment and perspectives. His characterization ranges from adolescent fantasy to renunciative reflection. He has tried to show the real picture of the south Indian middle class society with their agony and sufferings especially in the case of women R. K. Narayan’s protagonists, antagonists and peripheral characters are mostly men. One tends to forget that he has also created a number of complex, and sometimes, strong women characters. Interestingly, the novels featuring women in significant roles, namely The Dark Room, Mr.Sampath, The Guide and so on virtually offer a timeline on the changing situation of women in India before and after Independence. One has to analyze Rosie fully by locating her amongst the gallery of Narayan’s women. Shanti, in ‘Mr.Sampath’, seems to function as an anticipation of the far more fully developed character of Rosie. Unlike Savitri in ‘The Dark Room’, when Rosie is rejected by her husband in ‘The Guide’, she is able to uphold herself through her art, like Shanti, who was an actress and dancer in ‘Mr.Sampath’. Shanti, and then Rosie, represent the more independent women of an India, gradually undergoing a transformation under the influence of the West. Nonetheless, both the women remain solely objects of the male gaze. Shanti, as well as Rosie, necessitate the support of men for a long time to initiate and form their respective careers, and are thus exposed to their whims and desires. Rosie’s situation is symbolic of the double standards of patriarchal society that does not even spare religion to exploit women. Savitri in ‘The Dark Room’ is a middle class Indian housewife, who, like Nora in Ibsen’s ‘The Doll’s House’ slams the door and walks out on her bullying husband. In ‘Mr.Sampath’, Shanti the widowed actress and dancer whose trademark is her handbag made up of cobra hood complete with the spectacle-like mark has become the mistress of Sampath, who is to bring her recognition by casting her in a movie. As a writer of fiction, Narayan’s interest has always been in people and their specific experiences rather than social issues in and for themselves. Gayatri Chakravarty Spivak had once critiqued Narayan with making Rosie the heroine of a tragic-comedy, rather than revealing through her condition the tribulations of the ‘devadasi’ system. R.K. Narayan is a novelist of common people and common situation. His plots are built of material and incidents that are neither extraordinary nor heroic. One can describe the tone o f his novels as quiet and subdued. He selects day-to-day incidents that happen to almost every one of us one time or another. His characters are average human beings and they do not possess extraordinary capacities, but through some incidents attain greatness very soon to return to their original state. Rosie has often been called a ‘snake woman’ in ‘The Guide’. The repeated use of the snake image is to make us aware of the anguish and torment a modern Indian woman goes through, who has a self-sufficient character with an aspiration to establish herself against all the odds in a patriarchal society. In this way the novel showcases her hard work in converting her gift of the art of dance to success. She also has a singularly channeled earnestness regarding her art. Her vivacious persona is an honest and uncomplicated expression of her joy in living. R.K. Narayan successfully deals with women characters as he does with male protagonists. They are fully drawn and developing characters. M.K. Naik, in his work ‘Prospective of Indian Fiction In English’ rightly comments on the characters in Narayan’s works- â€Å"Narayan’s is the art of quiet surfacing and self-landing, not of headlong diving or vertiginous take off. His characters are entrapped in, and discomfited by a variety of illusions, self-deception; and miscalculations and mischance. They are made to have strange assignations with a circumstantial world which is full of ambiguities and ironies.† The author has tried to probe into the mind of his characters. He has portrayed in them in the frame in which he has perceived them. He presents their feelings, emotions, thought and ideas. He is more interested in the inner conflicts of their life. It is in relationship with the male protagonists that female one can be better understood and this is w hat we find in his novels throughout. In a nutshell, R.K. Narayan’s portrayal of his characters is practical and genuine, which makes his works extremely applicable to the lives of his readers.

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Essay Psychological foundations behind Personal Identity

As a question, ‘who am I?’ poses many complications. Each of us are aware of being someone â€Å"with a past, a present and a future†¦Ã¢â‚¬  however, it is the fact that we are not â€Å"only aware of inhabiting a distinct personal world, but also†¦social and cultural†¦Ã¢â‚¬  which leads to confusion. This essay will therefore explore the Psychological foundations behind the question, in regards to evidence provided by the ‘Twenty Statement Test’. Analysis of this study made it apparent that ‘the self’ could be classified into three main groups; social, relational and personal selves, with each of these being readily related to the various theoretical assumptions. This essay will examine how each of these categories seek to answer the question ‘who am I?’, as†¦show more content†¦Thus, one attempt to rectify this is the ‘Social Categorisation Theory’. This suggests that the self is actually an outcome of our cognitive processes. Studies following up Tajfel‘s work, further manipulated self categorisation and found that the self is â€Å"affected much more by the presence†¦ of social categorisation than by the presence†¦ of similarity†. Although, as proposed by Haslam, when identifying with a group the process is much more complex- a person is said to use the â€Å"perceived social reality† of that group, and through reflecting upon their own cognitive representation of themselves will recognise any similarities, and experience depersonalisation; shifting from a personal self to a social self, though self-stereotyping. Consequently, this theory will aid us when attempting to understand how the self may have both social and personal aspects. A more extreme approach to ‘who am I?’ is then a more personal view, with theorists adopting an individualistic stance over what constitutes the self. The most prominent message being convey ed here is that the self has â€Å"†¦the potential to be anything its owner wants it to be† as it is self-made through exerting control over who you are. However, studies such as that of Cousins seem to show how the individual ‘self’ may not be as prominent world wide. By replicating the TST,Show MoreRelatedPersonality Analysis Paper1521 Words   |  7 Pagesof all psychological abilities that place an influence on human behavior (Feist amp; Feist, 2009). This may especially include the compelling relationships among the motivation of the conscious and unconscious, which were the ideas of Sigmund Freud. 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International Business Transactions Outline free essay sample

SIG: under CIF transaction, B must get title vi. B/L in the context of the K of Affreightment 1. Private Carrier a. ship leased in whole or in part by special arrangement. b. K known as charger party c. private carrier owes a regular duty of care, i. e. only liable for damages to the extent that they were proximately caused by a breach of the obligations contained in the K of carriage. 2. Common carrier(strict liability (most common) a. carrier holds itself out to the general public as engaged in the business of marine transport for compensation. b. trict liability to carrier so they have duty to insure goods. c. liability only limited by acts of God, public enemy, and inherent vices of the shipper, i. e. if there is an inherent problem with the goods, e. g. bugs in the fruit. d. Cf w/ air carriers, who make S sign a K of adhesion. We will write a custom essay sample on International Business Transactions Outline or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page They used to disclaim any liability, but now federal law requires minimum insurance. 3. COGSA a. must insure $500/package b. If a good is being shipped into or out of the US, COGSA applies and parties may not K out of COGSA. 4. F. D. Import Export Corp. v. M/V Reefer Sun (S. D. N. Y. , 2002) a. S in Ecuador selling bananas to B in Ukraine. B helped by F. D. Imports with the sale. Bananas arrive spoilt, but it’s unclear if it was due to negligence by suppliers or carriers. b. There is an arbitration clause charter party, incorporated into the B/L, that binds all parties, even those that did not sign it, b/c the BL explicitly references the CP, so there was a duty to investigate. c. The clause covers to all disputes arising under the CP, so the claims relating to shipment of the goods, and the cross claim by the carriers against the suppliers are disputes relating to the charter party. But ? ’s claims relating to planting and maintenance of the fruit do not relate to matters covered by the BL or CP. d. Non-arbitrable issues are separate, so the Ct doesn’t have to stay the non-abritrable issues until resolution of the arbitration. e. SIG: arbitration clauses in the Charter Party can apply to all claims arising under it, and be applied against non-signatories as long as it’s properly incorporated into the B/L. vii. Bill of Lading and Carrier Liability 1. Document that is signed by the carrier of the goods acknowledging that the goods have been received for shipment. 2. Minimum contents: description of goods, names of parties, date, places of shipment and destination. 3. Functions: a. K of carriage (or evidence thereof) b. receipt of the goods c. document of title (if treated as such by parties) 4. used in air, water, rail and road transport—can have separate or through BLs 5. In multi-modal transport, a carrier will issue a clean B/L 6. B/Ls for export from US are subject to Pomerane Act (Federal Bill of Lading Act) a. recognizes negotiable B/Ls: one that allows transfer by endorsement. . straight B/Ls: made out to named cosignee and cannot be transferred by endorsement. c. Protects good faith purchaser of the bill. d. Issuer of a bill (carrier) is liable for misleading statements about the goods and has duty to deliver to consignee or holder of bill. 7. Hague Rules, 1921 a. limit carriers ability to limit liability under BLs b. Visby Rules (1968)( i. increased minimum coverage ii. not ratified by the US 8. Hamburg Rules a. more carrier liab ility b. not adopted by any important maritime state 9. COGSA (1936)—Carriage of Goods by Sea Act a. carrier liability limited to $500/package b. Can’t K out of COGSA for inward and outward shipments(this violates conflict of law principles c. if there is no B/L (e. g. on a Charter Party) then COGSA does not apply d. Himalaya Clause i. can apply to persons performing services on behalf of the carrier, e. g. stevedores, truck carriers, etc. e. COGSA applies where: i. All Ks for carriage of goods by sea to or from the US in foreign trade (common carriers) ii. Private carriage under a charter party only when charter party incorporates it through a Clause Paramount (Fruit) iii. If there is a B/L that forms the K of carriage, then COGSA applies even with private carriage. f. COGSA does not usually apply to i. inland transport ii. non-carriers 1. **BUT Himalaya clause provides coverage 10. Fruit of the Loom v. Arawak Caribbean Line Ltd. (S. D. Fla, 1998) a. Fruit sends goods from Jamaica to Kentucky using Arawak as a carrier, who will carry them by sea and then sub-K for Seaside to drive them to Kentucky. On road transport the truck is hijacked. There was a through BL so COGSA governs. The Himalaya cause means that Seaside is covered by COGSA. The B/L also placed risk of theft on shipper, so carrier not liable at all. 11. Steel Coils v. Lake Marion (5th Cir. 2003)(BoP a. Steel coils are damages in transit from Russia to New Orleans and Houston by seawater. Coils travel by rail from Moscow to Riga, where the Lake Marion crew took them. b. Burden: i. ? must establish PF case by demonstrating that cargo was loaded in an undamaged condition and discharged in a damaged condition. 1