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Essay Psychological foundations behind Personal Identity

As a question, ‘who am I?’ poses many complications. Each of us are aware of being someone â€Å"with a past, a present and a future†¦Ã¢â‚¬  however, it is the fact that we are not â€Å"only aware of inhabiting a distinct personal world, but also†¦social and cultural†¦Ã¢â‚¬  which leads to confusion. This essay will therefore explore the Psychological foundations behind the question, in regards to evidence provided by the ‘Twenty Statement Test’. Analysis of this study made it apparent that ‘the self’ could be classified into three main groups; social, relational and personal selves, with each of these being readily related to the various theoretical assumptions. This essay will examine how each of these categories seek to answer the question ‘who am I?’, as†¦show more content†¦Thus, one attempt to rectify this is the ‘Social Categorisation Theory’. This suggests that the self is actually an outcome of our cognitive processes. Studies following up Tajfel‘s work, further manipulated self categorisation and found that the self is â€Å"affected much more by the presence†¦ of social categorisation than by the presence†¦ of similarity†. Although, as proposed by Haslam, when identifying with a group the process is much more complex- a person is said to use the â€Å"perceived social reality† of that group, and through reflecting upon their own cognitive representation of themselves will recognise any similarities, and experience depersonalisation; shifting from a personal self to a social self, though self-stereotyping. Consequently, this theory will aid us when attempting to understand how the self may have both social and personal aspects. A more extreme approach to ‘who am I?’ is then a more personal view, with theorists adopting an individualistic stance over what constitutes the self. The most prominent message being convey ed here is that the self has â€Å"†¦the potential to be anything its owner wants it to be† as it is self-made through exerting control over who you are. However, studies such as that of Cousins seem to show how the individual ‘self’ may not be as prominent world wide. By replicating the TST,Show MoreRelatedPersonality Analysis Paper1521 Words   |  7 Pagesof all psychological abilities that place an influence on human behavior (Feist amp; Feist, 2009). This may especially include the compelling relationships among the motivation of the conscious and unconscious, which were the ideas of Sigmund Freud. 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A person who has migrated always desires to return to what has been left behind. WhenRead MoreJob Design Is An Effective Way For Motivate Employees And Increase Job Satisfaction1331 Words   |  6 Pagesto boost engagement and well-being although they mostly concentrated on job satisfaction and well-being whereas in the last decade only the attention of research has been directed to employee engagement. Smith (1776) and Babbage (1835) laid the foundation of modern theories on job design. They affirmed that by breaking down work in separate jobs this would enable workers to develop special skills and become more efficient in their specific tasks. The first attempt of designing jobs was done by TaylorRead MoreSociology : Sociology Of Indigenous People988 Words   |  4 Pagestopics of Indigenous and Sociological Paradigms, Colonialism, Identity, Aboriginal and Treaty Rights, Land Claims and Self-Government and lastly; Education, Economy and Social Conditions of Indigenous people. 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He believed nothing a humanRead MoreEffective Managerial Skills For A Company s Overall Success Essay1064 Words   |  5 Pagestransactional and transformational leadership, and servant leadership. Successful leadership involves choosing the model which best fits the situation. Charismatic leadership Charismatic leadership is based on a leader-follower relationship and is the foundation for transformational and servant leadership. It requires that a leader have a clear vision and the ability to communicate that vision, show confidence in subordinates to achieve the vision, and project a powerful, confident, and engaging presenceRead MoreThe Chocolate War And An Absolute Diary Of A Part Time Indian1260 Words   |  6 PagesWhen people think about tribalism, they usually associate it with a strong possession of a cultural or ethnical identity. Tribalism can take many forms. For example, it can refer to popular culture in which people are exhibiting loyalty to their social group. Certainly, there are positive and negative perspectives to either side. When reading The Chocolate War and An Absolute Diary of A Part-Time Indian, I experienced both sides of tribalism. When, reading An Absolute Diary of A Part-Time IndianRead MoreConcept Of Identity And Identity1529 Words   |  7 Pag esConcept of Identity The concept of identity is essential to the psychological study of humans and their importance in society. One established definition of identity states it is an outcome of participating in the process of identification (Lawler, S 2008). Identification occurs in two main stages. The primary stage is uniquely personal as it is the fundamental part of one’s personality. It is exhibited in every action undertaken by the person. The secondary stage is malleable and adjusts itself

International Business Transactions Outline free essay sample

SIG: under CIF transaction, B must get title vi. B/L in the context of the K of Affreightment 1. Private Carrier a. ship leased in whole or in part by special arrangement. b. K known as charger party c. private carrier owes a regular duty of care, i. e. only liable for damages to the extent that they were proximately caused by a breach of the obligations contained in the K of carriage. 2. Common carrier(strict liability (most common) a. carrier holds itself out to the general public as engaged in the business of marine transport for compensation. b. trict liability to carrier so they have duty to insure goods. c. liability only limited by acts of God, public enemy, and inherent vices of the shipper, i. e. if there is an inherent problem with the goods, e. g. bugs in the fruit. d. Cf w/ air carriers, who make S sign a K of adhesion. We will write a custom essay sample on International Business Transactions Outline or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page They used to disclaim any liability, but now federal law requires minimum insurance. 3. COGSA a. must insure $500/package b. If a good is being shipped into or out of the US, COGSA applies and parties may not K out of COGSA. 4. F. D. Import Export Corp. v. M/V Reefer Sun (S. D. N. Y. , 2002) a. S in Ecuador selling bananas to B in Ukraine. B helped by F. D. Imports with the sale. Bananas arrive spoilt, but it’s unclear if it was due to negligence by suppliers or carriers. b. There is an arbitration clause charter party, incorporated into the B/L, that binds all parties, even those that did not sign it, b/c the BL explicitly references the CP, so there was a duty to investigate. c. The clause covers to all disputes arising under the CP, so the claims relating to shipment of the goods, and the cross claim by the carriers against the suppliers are disputes relating to the charter party. But ? ’s claims relating to planting and maintenance of the fruit do not relate to matters covered by the BL or CP. d. Non-arbitrable issues are separate, so the Ct doesn’t have to stay the non-abritrable issues until resolution of the arbitration. e. SIG: arbitration clauses in the Charter Party can apply to all claims arising under it, and be applied against non-signatories as long as it’s properly incorporated into the B/L. vii. Bill of Lading and Carrier Liability 1. Document that is signed by the carrier of the goods acknowledging that the goods have been received for shipment. 2. Minimum contents: description of goods, names of parties, date, places of shipment and destination. 3. Functions: a. K of carriage (or evidence thereof) b. receipt of the goods c. document of title (if treated as such by parties) 4. used in air, water, rail and road transport—can have separate or through BLs 5. In multi-modal transport, a carrier will issue a clean B/L 6. B/Ls for export from US are subject to Pomerane Act (Federal Bill of Lading Act) a. recognizes negotiable B/Ls: one that allows transfer by endorsement. . straight B/Ls: made out to named cosignee and cannot be transferred by endorsement. c. Protects good faith purchaser of the bill. d. Issuer of a bill (carrier) is liable for misleading statements about the goods and has duty to deliver to consignee or holder of bill. 7. Hague Rules, 1921 a. limit carriers ability to limit liability under BLs b. Visby Rules (1968)( i. increased minimum coverage ii. not ratified by the US 8. Hamburg Rules a. more carrier liab ility b. not adopted by any important maritime state 9. COGSA (1936)—Carriage of Goods by Sea Act a. carrier liability limited to $500/package b. Can’t K out of COGSA for inward and outward shipments(this violates conflict of law principles c. if there is no B/L (e. g. on a Charter Party) then COGSA does not apply d. Himalaya Clause i. can apply to persons performing services on behalf of the carrier, e. g. stevedores, truck carriers, etc. e. COGSA applies where: i. All Ks for carriage of goods by sea to or from the US in foreign trade (common carriers) ii. Private carriage under a charter party only when charter party incorporates it through a Clause Paramount (Fruit) iii. If there is a B/L that forms the K of carriage, then COGSA applies even with private carriage. f. COGSA does not usually apply to i. inland transport ii. non-carriers 1. **BUT Himalaya clause provides coverage 10. Fruit of the Loom v. Arawak Caribbean Line Ltd. (S. D. Fla, 1998) a. Fruit sends goods from Jamaica to Kentucky using Arawak as a carrier, who will carry them by sea and then sub-K for Seaside to drive them to Kentucky. On road transport the truck is hijacked. There was a through BL so COGSA governs. The Himalaya cause means that Seaside is covered by COGSA. The B/L also placed risk of theft on shipper, so carrier not liable at all. 11. Steel Coils v. Lake Marion (5th Cir. 2003)(BoP a. Steel coils are damages in transit from Russia to New Orleans and Houston by seawater. Coils travel by rail from Moscow to Riga, where the Lake Marion crew took them. b. Burden: i. ? must establish PF case by demonstrating that cargo was loaded in an undamaged condition and discharged in a damaged condition. 1